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Whole genome amplification: abundant supplies of DNA from precious samples or clinical specimens. Whole genome amplification – applications and advances. 11 Hawkins TL, Detter JC, Richardson PM.Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae oropharyngeal infections. 10 Bachmann LH, Johnson RE, Cheng H, Markowitz LE, Papp JR, Hook EW 3rd.A novel and more sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay targeting IS6110 for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. 9 Aryan E, Makvandi M, Farajzadeh A et al.Two methods of whole-genome amplification enable accurate genotyping across a 2320-SNP linkage panel. 8 Barker DL, Hansen MS, Faruqi AF et al.Comprehensive chromosomal analysis of human preimplantation embryos using whole genome amplification and single cell comparative genomic hybridization. Whole genome amplification from a single cell: implications for genetic analysis. 6 Zhang L, Cui X, Schmitt K, Hubert R, Navidi W, Arnheim N.Thermal isolation of microchip reaction chambers for rapid noncontact DNA amplification. 5 Easley CJ, Humphrey JAC, Landers JP.Infrared-mediated thermocycling for ultrafast polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA.

4 Oda RP, Strausbauch MA, Huhmer AF et al.Plastic versus glass capillaries for rapid-cycle PCR. 3 Elenitoba-Johnson O, David D, Crews N, Wittwer CT.Expanded instrument comparison of amplicon DNA melting analysis for mutation scanning and genotyping. 2 Herrmann MG, Durtschi JD, Wittwer CT, Voelkerding KV.Papers of special note have been highlighted as: ▪ of interest ▪▪ of considerable interest Bibliography These applications have been devised with the four isothermal amplification strategies covered in this review: strand-displacement amplification, rolling circle amplification, helicase-dependent amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification. In addition to the detection of specific targets, isothermal methods have made whole-genome amplification of single cells possible owing to the unbiased, linear nature of the amplification process as well as the large size of amplified products given by ϕ29 DNA polymerase. A few pioneering studies to develop a homogenous isothermal protein assay have successfully translated structure-switching of a probe upon target binding into input DNA for isothermal amplification. In situ detection of single biomolecules has been achieved using an isothermal method, leveraging localized signal amplification in an intact specimen. Input signals have been diversified from DNA to RNA, protein or small organic molecules by translating these signals into input DNA before amplification, thus allowing assays on various classes of biomolecules. Since the early 1990s, the approach has been refined into a simple, rapid and cost-effective tool by means of several distinct strategies. Isothermal DNA amplification is an alternative to PCR-based amplification for point-of-care diagnosis.

Silver nanoparticles caprine arthritic encephalitis